Bezel-free displays

ABSTRACT

A bezel-free display comprises a display substrate and an array of pixels. Pixel rows and pixel columns are separated by row and column distances and connected by row and column lines, respectively. A column driver is electrically connected to each of the column lines and a row driver is electrically connected to each of the row lines. Row-connection lines are electrically connected to each of the row lines or row drivers. In certain embodiments, each pixel in the column of pixels closest to a display substrate edge is spatially separated from the edge by a distance less than or equal to the column distance. At least one row driver is spatially separated from the corresponding row by a distance less than the column or row distance, at least one column driver is spatially separated from the corresponding column by a distance less than the column or row distance, or both.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

Reference is made to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/502,521filed May 5, 2017, entitled Matrix-Addressed Tile and Array, by Cok, andto U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/754,573 filed Jun. 29, 2015,entitled Small-Aperture-Ratio Display with Electrical Component, byBower et al, the contents of each of which are incorporated by referenceherein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to inorganic light-emittingdiode flat-panel displays.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Flat-panel displays are widely used in conjunction with computingdevices, in portable devices, and for entertainment devices such astelevisions. Such displays typically employ an array of pixelsdistributed in rows and columns over a display substrate in a displayarea to display images, graphics, or text. In a color display, eachpixel includes light emitters that emit light of different colors, suchas red, green, and blue. For example, liquid crystal displays (LCDs)employ liquid crystals to block or transmit light from a backlightbehind the liquid crystals and organic light-emitting diode (OLED)displays rely on passing current through a layer of organic materialthat glows in response to the current. Displays using inorganic lightemitting diodes (LEDs) are also in widespread use for outdoor signageand have been demonstrated in a 55-inch television.

Pixels in a display are typically arranged in an array of rows andcolumns in a display area on a display substrate and controlled througha matrix-addressing scheme in which rows of pixels are connected to acommon row-select line and columns of pixels are connected to a commoncolumn-data line. By enabling a row of pixels and concurrently providingdata on all of the column-data lines, each pixel in the row receivesdata from a corresponding column at the same time. Each row of pixels issequentially enabled to provide data to all of the display pixels. Therow-select lines are typically controlled by a row controller and thecolumn-data lines by a column controller.

In flat-panel display designs, the column-data lines extend past thebottom of the display area on the display substrate in a dense arraywhere they are electrically connected to a display controller through anelectrical bus such as a flex cable. The row-select lines extend intothe bezel on either side of the display area and are then routed to theflex cable at the bottom of the display substrate. Generally, a bezel isthe edge area of a display substrate that surrounds the display area inwhich the display pixels are disposed, for example the space or framesurrounding the display area. The bezel is often used for a frame tosupport the display substrate and to route power, ground, and controlwires for the pixels in the display area of the display substrate. It isoften desirable to minimize the bezel to reduce materials costs and thedisplay size and for an improved appearance. It is also helpful fordisplay tiles in a tiled display to have a small bezel to enableline-free tiling.

A variety of techniques are known to reduce the bezel size for displays.For example, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015/0359065 discloses wrappingwires around an edge of the display substrate to connect them toelectronic circuits on the back of the display substrate. This designrequires non-standard processing methods that can be complex anddifficult. U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 2002/0075440, 2008/0018583, and2008/0012794 all disclose LCDs with row-select wires routed to the sameside of the display as the column-data wires. However, since thelight-controlling pixels are most effective with a large fill-factor andthe wire routing and control take considerable space on the displaysubstrate, the light controllers (e.g., liquid crystals) are provided ina separate layer disposed over the wiring and control circuit layer,increasing thickness and requiring additional structures.

Other techniques rely on obscuring the display bezel, for example U.S.Pat. No. 9,244,282 describes an optical structure with an array ofprisms and U.S. Pat. No. 8,305,294 discloses display tiles withoverlapping bezels. These designs increase the thickness of theirrespective displays.

Many large-format displays use inorganic light-emitting diodes (iLEDs)in the display pixels. However, such iLEDs are typically large (forexample greater than one millimeter in diameter) and limit the displayresolution. Micro-iLEDs are known that have an area less than 1 mmsquare, less than 100 microns square, or less than 50 microns square orhave an area small enough that it is not visible to an unaided observerof the display at a designed viewing distance. U.S. Pat. No. 8,722,458entitled Optical Systems Fabricated by Printing-Based Assembly teachestransferring light-emitting, light-sensing, or light-collectingsemiconductor elements from a wafer substrate to a destination substratesuch as a display substrate. However, micro-iLED displays do not,intrinsically, address issues regarding display bezels.

There is a need, therefore, for image display architectures that enableimproved resolution with lower cost, and a reduced bezel size or nobezel in matrix-addressed systems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to certain embodiments of the present invention, a bezel-freedisplay comprises a display substrate comprising a connection edge andone or more bezel edges, pixels individually disposed on the displaysubstrate in rows and columns such that columns of the pixels areseparated by a column distance, rows of the pixels are separated by arow distance. Each of the pixels comprises one or more inorganicmicro-light-emitting diodes, each of the one or more inorganicmicro-light-emitting diodes comprising a diode substrate independent,separate, and distinct from the display substrate. Column lines aredisposed on the display substrate and extend toward the connection edge.Each of the column lines is electrically connected to each of the pixelsin one of the columns of the pixels. A column driver is electricallyconnected to each of the column lines and each column driver is disposedon the display substrate. Row lines are disposed on the displaysubstrate and each of the row lines is electrically connected to each ofthe pixels in one of the rows of the pixels. A row driver iselectrically connected to each of the row lines and each row driver isdisposed on the display substrate. One or more row-connection lines aredisposed on the display substrate and each of the one or morerow-connection lines is electrically connected to one of the row linesor one of the row drivers. At least one of the one or morerow-connection lines is disposed at least partially between columns ofthe pixels. In certain embodiments, at least one row driver is spatiallyseparated from the corresponding row by a distance less than at leastone of the column distance and the row distance, at least one columndriver is spatially separated from the corresponding column by adistance less than at least one of the row distance and the columndistance, or both.

In some embodiments of the present invention, each pixel in one of therows of the pixels closest to one of the one or more bezel edges isseparated from the bezel edge by a distance less than or equal to therow distance. In certain embodiments, each pixel in one of the columnsof the pixels closest to one of the one or more bezel edges is spatiallyseparated from the bezel edge by a distance less than or equal to thecolumn distance.

In some embodiments of the present invention, any combination ofinorganic micro-light-emitting diodes, row drivers, or column drivershas at least one of (i) a width from 2 to no more than 5 μm, 5 to nomore than 10 μm, 10 to no more than 20 μm, 20 to no more than 50 μm, or50 to no more than 100 μm, (ii) a length from 2 to no more than 5 μm, 5to no more than 10 μm, 10 to no more than 20 μm, 20 to no more than 50μm, 50 to no more than 100 μm, 100 to no more than 250 μm, and (iii) athickness from 2 to no more than 5 μm, 5 to no more than 10 μm, 10 to nomore than 20 μm, or 20 to no more than 50 μm.

In some embodiments of the present invention, (i) each inorganicmicro-light-emitting diode is a micro-transfer printedmicro-light-emitting diode comprising a broken or separated tether, (ii)each row driver is a micro-transfer-printed micro-integrated circuitcomprising a broken or separated tether, (iii) each column driver is amicro-transfer-printed micro-integrated circuit comprising a broken orseparated tether, or (iv) any combination of (i), (ii), and (iii).

In some embodiments of the present invention, two or more or of the oneor more row-connection lines are disposed at least partially betweencolumns of the pixels. In some embodiments of the present invention, oneof the one or more row-connection lines is disposed at least partiallybetween one of the columns of the pixels and one of the one or morebezel edges.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a bezel-free display is asubstantially single-layer display in which wires (e.g., row lines,column lines, power lines, and ground lines) and pixels are disposedsubstantially in a single layer on a display substrate.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a bezel-free displaycomprises a plurality of row drivers. Each row driver comprises arow-driver substrate separate, distinct, and independent of the displaysubstrate and the row-driver substrate of any other row driver, and eachrow driver is electrically connected to one or more of the row lines. Incertain embodiments, each of two or more of the plurality of row driversis disposed between two or more of the pixels in one or two dimensions.One or more of the plurality of row drivers can be electricallyconnected to two row lines.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a bezel-free displaycomprises a plurality of column drivers. Each column driver comprises acolumn-driver substrate separate, distinct, and independent of thedisplay substrate and the column-driver substrate of any other columndriver, and each column driver is electrically connected to one or moreof the column lines. In certain embodiments, each of two or more of aplurality of column drivers is disposed between two or more of thepixels in one or two dimensions. One or more of the plurality of columndrivers can be electrically connected to two column lines.

In some embodiments of the present invention, one or more of the pixelseach comprise a pixel substrate with the one or more inorganic lightemitters of the pixel disposed on the pixel substrate. The pixelsubstrate can be micro-transfer printed onto the display substrate andthe pixel substrate can comprise a broken or separated tether. The pixelsubstrate can have at least one of (i) an area of 10 to no more than 50square microns, 50 to no more than 100 square microns, 100 to no morethan 500 square microns, or 500 square microns to no more than 1 squaremm and (ii) a thickness of 1 to no more than 5 microns, 5 to no morethan 10 microns, 10 to no more than 20 microns, or 20 to no more than 50microns.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a bezel-free display tilecomprises a tile substrate comprising at least four bezel edges, twobezel edges of the at least four bezel edges are opposing row edges andtwo bezel edges of the at least four bezel edges are opposing columnedges. Pixels are individually disposed on the tile substrate in rowsand columns such that columns of the pixels are separated by a columndistance, rows of the pixels are separated by a row distance, and eachof the pixels comprises one or more inorganic micro-light-emittingdiodes. Each of the one or more inorganic micro-light-emitting diodescomprises a diode substrate independent, separate, and distinct from thetile substrate. Column lines are disposed on the tile substrate andextend toward at least one of the two row edges. Each column line iselectrically connected to each of the pixels in one of the columns ofthe pixels. Row lines dare disposed on the tile substrate and extendtoward at least one of the two column edges. Each row line iselectrically connected to each of the pixels in one of the rows of thepixels.

In some embodiments of the present invention, at least one of:

-   -   (i) a row driver is electrically connected to at least one of        the row lines, the row driver disposed on the tile substrate        within at least one of a column distance and a row distance of        the at least one of the row lines, and    -   (ii) a column driver is electrically connected to at least one        of the column lines, the column driver disposed on the tile        substrate within at least one of a row distance and a column        distance of the at least one of the column lines.

In some embodiments, at least one of:

-   -   (i) each pixel in one of the columns of the pixels closest to a        column edge of the two opposing column edges is spatially        separated from the column edge by a distance less than or equal        to the column distance, and    -   (ii) each pixel in one of the rows of the pixels closest to a        row edge of the two opposing row edges is spatially separated        from the row edge by a distance less than or equal to the row        distance.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a row driver is disposedwithin at least one of a column distance and a row distance of acorresponding row line to which the row driver is electricallyconnected, and a column driver is disposed within at least one of a rowdistance and a column distance of a corresponding column line to whichthe column driver is electrically connected.

In some embodiments, (i) the one or more inorganic micro-light-emittingdiodes are micro-transfer printed inorganic micro-light-emitting diodeseach comprising a broken or separated tether, (ii) the row driver is amicro-transfer printed integrated circuit comprising a broken orseparated tether, (iii) the column driver is a micro-transfer printedintegrated circuit comprising a broken or separated tether, or (iv) anycombination of (i), (ii), and (iii).

In some embodiments of the present invention, one or more of the pixelseach comprise a pixel substrate with the one or more inorganic lightemitters disposed on the pixel substrate. The pixel substrate can bemicro-transfer printed onto the tile substrate, and the pixel substratecan comprise a broken or separated tether.

In some embodiments, the bezel-free display, bezel-free display tile, orbezel-free tiled display is a matrix-addressed display comprisinginorganic micro-light-emitting-diodes (micro-iLEDs) and has row-selectand column-data wires (row lines and column lines), as well as power andground lines. Each micro-iLED is controlled by a row line in combinationwith a column line. The control can be passive-matrix control. In otherembodiments, the bezel-free display is an active-matrix display and amicro-controller, for example a pixel controller, is disposed in, on, orover the display substrate in a display area in association with one ormore micro-iLEDs in a pixel and is electrically connected to the one ormore micro-iLEDs to control the one or more micro-iLEDs using select anddata signals provided by the row lines and column lines, respectively.

In certain embodiments, micro-iLEDs are organized into pixels and aplurality of pixels forms a regular array on the display substrate in adisplay area or the pixels are irregularly or randomly arranged. Eachpixel can comprise one or more micro-iLEDs. In certain embodiments, eachpixel includes a single light emitter. In certain embodiments, eachpixel includes at least three light emitters, each of the at least threelight emitters emitting light of a different color, for example red,green, or blue.

In some embodiments, the one or more micro-iLEDs are disposed on adisplay substrate. In other embodiments, the one or more micro-iLEDs ina pixel are disposed on a pixel substrate separate and independent fromthe display substrate and each pixel substrate is disposed on or overthe display substrate or a layer on the display substrate. A singlemicro-iLED, or multiple micro-iLEDs can be disposed on each pixelsubstrate. In other embodiments, multiple pixels share a common pixelsubstrate. In certain embodiments, each pixel includes a pixelcontroller and the pixel controller is electrically connected to the oneor more micro-iLEDs in the pixel to emit light. In some embodiments, thepixel controller is located on the display substrate. In otherembodiments, a pixel includes a pixel substrate separate from thedisplay substrate and the pixel controller is located on the pixelsubstrate. Each pixel substrate can comprise a broken or separatedtether as a consequence of micro-transfer printing the pixel substrate.In other configurations, each micro-iLED of the plurality of micro-iLEDshas a broken or separated tether as a consequence of micro-transferprinting the micro-iLEDs. Pixel controllers can be micro-transferprinted and have a broken or separated tether as a consequence ofmicro-transfer printing the pixel controller.

In certain embodiments, one or more electrical conductors such as row orcolumn lines electrically connect two or more of the pixels in thedisplay area. In certain embodiments, the one or more row or columnlines conduct control signals for controlling the pixels. Power linescan conduct power to the pixels and ground lines can provide a groundreference voltage.

In certain embodiments, the display substrate or pixel substrate is atleast one of plastic, glass, and sapphire. In certain embodiments, thedisplay substrate or pixel substrate is transparent to visible light. Incertain embodiments, the display substrate or pixel substrate is atleast partially transparent to visible light. In certain embodiments,the display substrate or pixel substrate has no less than 30 percenttransparency to visible light (e.g., no less than 30%, 50%, 70%, 80%,90%, or 95% transparency to visible light). In certain embodiments, thepixel substrate is a semiconductor substrate, for example a siliconsemiconductor.

Certain embodiments of the present invention provide bezel-freedisplays, bezel-free display tiles, or bezel-free tiled displays havinga reduced bezel area or no bezel area, thereby reducing the size andimproving the appearance of the bezel-free displays, bezel-free displaytiles, or bezel-free tiled displays. In certain embodiments, abezel-free display or bezel-free display tile is or is used in atransparent display.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages ofthe present disclosure will become more apparent and better understoodby referring to the following description taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1A is a schematic plan view illustrating an exemplary bezel-freedisplay according to illustrative embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 1B is a detail schematic of the exemplary bezel-free displayillustrated in FIG. 1A and according to illustrative embodiments of thepresent invention;

FIG. 1C is a detail schematic of the exemplary bezel-free displayillustrated in FIG. 1A and according to illustrative embodiments of thepresent invention;

FIG. 1D is a detail schematic of the exemplary bezel-free displayillustrated in FIG. 1A and according to illustrative embodiments of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 2-7 are schematic plan views illustrating different exemplarybezel-free displays according to illustrative embodiments of the presentinvention;

FIG. 8 is a perspective of an exemplary bezel-free display pixelaccording to illustrative embodiments of the present invention; and

FIG. 9 is a cross section illustrating a micro-transfer printable pixelon a pixel source wafer according to exemplary embodiments of thepresent invention;

FIG. 10A is a plan view of a bezel-free tiled display according toillustrative embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 10B is a plan view of a bezel-free tile in the tiled display ofFIG. 10A comprising both row and column drivers according toillustrative embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 10C is a plan view of a bezel-free tile in the tiled display ofFIG. 10A comprising row drivers according to illustrative embodiments ofthe present invention; and

FIG. 10D is a plan view of a bezel-free tile in the tiled display ofFIG. 10A comprising column drivers according to illustrative embodimentsof the present invention.

The features and advantages of the present disclosure will become moreapparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken inconjunction with the drawings, in which like reference charactersidentify corresponding elements throughout. In the drawings, likereference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar,and/or structurally similar elements. The figures are not drawn to scalesince the variation in size of various elements in the Figures is toogreat to permit depiction to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Certain embodiments of the present invention provide a bezel-free orreduced-size bezel for an inorganic micro-light-emitting diode(micro-iLED) display. Because the micro-iLEDs each have a small spatialextent within a larger display area of the bezel-free display, power,ground, row-select, and column-data wires providing a matrix-addressedcontrol structure to the micro-iLED pixels in the display can be locatedbetween the micro-iLEDs within the display area in, on, or over adisplay substrate, rather than on the edges of the display substrateoutside the display area.

Referring to the plan view of FIG. 1A and the detail illustrations ofFIGS. 1B, 1C, and 1D, according to some embodiments of the presentinvention a bezel-free display 99 comprises a display substrate 10comprising a connection edge 32 and one or more bezel edges 30. Adisplay substrate 10 provides a substantially planar surface, forexample a rectangular surface as shown in FIG. 1A with four edges, oneof which, according to some embodiments of the present invention, is aconnection edge 32 and the others, for example three other edges, arebezel edges 30. A connection edge 32 provides electrical connections toa bezel-free display 99. In some embodiments, a display substrate 10 ispolygonal but not rectangular or has curved edges (e.g., is circular).

Pixels 40 are individually disposed on a display substrate 10 in rowsand columns such that columns of pixels 40 are separated by a columndistance 18 and rows of pixels 40 are separated by a row distance 14.Columns of pixels 40 and rows of pixels 40 can be, but are notnecessarily, each parallel to one or more edges of a display substrate10. Moreover, columns of pixels 40 and rows of pixels 40 can be, but arenot necessarily, perpendicular to each other. As an illustrativeexample, a display substrate 10 can have the shape of a parallelogramwith columns of pixels 40 parallel to two edges of the display substrate10 and rows of pixels 40 parallel to two edges of the display substrate10. Thus, in certain embodiments, pixels 40 are arranged in atwo-dimensional matrix having a pixel pitch or pixel separation in ahorizontal direction equal to the column distance 18 and a pixel pitchor pixel separation in the vertical direction equal to the row distance14. The row distance 14 can be a pixel pitch in the direction of therows or the row distance 14 can be a distance between the pixels 40 inthe rows (as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1C). Likewise, a column distance 18can be a pixel pitch in the direction of the columns or the distancebetween the pixels 40 in the columns. A pixel pitch is the distance froma point (e.g., the center) of one pixel 40 to an equivalent point (e.g.,the center) of an adjacent pixel 40 and the distance between the pixels40 is the distance between edges of adjacent pixels 40. The differencebetween the pixel pitch and the pixel distance is the size or extent ofthe pixels 40 in the respective directions. The row distance 14 can be,but is not necessarily, the same distance as the column distance 18. Acolumn distance 18 can be a maximum distance by which any two columns ofpixels 40 are disposed. Likewise, a row distance 14 can be a maximumdistance by which any two columns of pixels are disposed.

An array of micro-iLEDs 44 or pixels 40 can define a display area on adisplay substrate surface, for example a convex hull area that includesall of the micro-iLEDs 44 or pixels 40, for example a rectangulardisplay area. (The words, “columns” and “rows”, as well as “vertical”and “horizontal”, “top” and “bottom”, or “left” and “right” are relativeterms and can be interchanged in reference to different orientations ofa display 99 or display tile 98 according to certain embodiments of thepresent invention.)

Each of the pixels 40 comprises one or more inorganicmicro-light-emitting diodes 44, for example as shown in FIG. 1B, and, incertain embodiments, each of the one or more inorganicmicro-light-emitting diodes 44 comprises a diode substrate independent,separate, and distinct from a display substrate 10. Thus, pixels 40 andinorganic micro-light-emitting diodes 44 can be independent structuresthat are individually mounted on a display substrate 10, for example bymicro-transfer printing the independent structures onto the displaysubstrate 10. For example, inorganic micro-light-emitting diodes 44 canbe micro-transfer printed onto a pixel substrate 56 which is thenmicro-transfer printed onto a display substrate 10 or the printings canoccur in the opposite order. Pixels 40 can include connections to powerand ground lines 46, 48 that provide power to pixels 40 enabling themicro-iLEDs 44 to emit light.

Column lines 16 are disposed on a display substrate 10 and can extendtoward a connection edge 32 and, for example, toward a bezel edge 30opposing the connection edge 32. Each column line 16 is electricallyconnected to each pixel 40 in a column of pixels 40 to provide controlsignals to the pixels 40. One or more column lines 16 can be disposedbetween columns of pixels 40. In some embodiments, a single column line16 is disposed between adjacent columns of pixels 40. In someembodiments, multiple column lines 16 are disposed between adjacentcolumns of pixels 40. Adjacent columns of pixels 40 are columns ofpixels 40 that have no other column of pixels 40 between the adjacentcolumns. FIG. 1C illustrates a two-by-two array of pixels 40 and theirconnected row and column lines 12, 16. As shown in FIG. 1C, the row andcolumn lines 12, 16 pass over or under each other over the displaysubstrate 10 and are not directly electrically connected. In thefigures, black dots indicate electrical connections between intersectinglines.

As shown in FIG. 1D, each pixel 40 is also interconnected with power andground lines 46, 48. Row lines 12, column lines 16, power lines 46, andground lines 48 can all be formed on a display substrate 10 using, forexample, photolithographic, screen printing, or printed-circuit boardprocessing techniques, for example employing metal or metal oxidedeposition using evaporation or sputtering, laminated structures,curable resin coatings (e.g., SU8), positive or negative photo-resistcoating, radiation (e.g., ultraviolet radiation) exposure through apatterned mask, or etching methods to form patterned metal structures,vias, insulating layers, and electrical interconnections. Inkjet andscreen-printing deposition processes and materials can be used to formpatterned conductors or other electrical elements, as can substrateimprinting techniques with conductive inks.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a bezel-free display 99 isa substantially single-layer display in which wires (e.g., row lines 12,column lines 16, power lines 46, and ground lines 48) are disposedsubstantially in a single layer in, on, or over a display substrate 10and pixels 40 are also disposed in, on, or over the display substrate10, for example in or on the same single layer. Where any of the rowlines 12, column lines 16, power lines 46, or ground lines 48 intersecton, in, or over the display substrate 10, a jumper wire or viaconnection can be provided but these wires or connections represent onlya small fraction of the area of the display substrate, so that the wiresare substantially disposed in a single layer, for example a singlepatterned layer of metal lines that provide electrical connections tothe pixels 40. By providing wires in a single layer on, in, or over adisplay substrate 10, manufacturing costs and materials for a bezel-freedisplay 99 are substantially reduced.

Referring again to FIG. 1A, a column driver 26 is electrically connectedto each column line 16 and is disposed on a display substrate 10. Insome embodiments of the present invention, a column driver 26 for all ofthe column lines 16 can be a single integrated circuit, for examplehaving a single column-driver substrate separate, distinct, andindependent from a display substrate 10 and from diode substrates inpixels 40. In some embodiments of the present invention, a column driver26 comprises a plurality of column-driver integrated circuits, eachelectrically connected to one or more column lines 16, and each having acolumn-driver substrate separate, distinct, and independent from adisplay substrate 10, from diode substrates in pixels 40, and from anyother column-driver integrated circuit.

A plurality of column driver integrated circuits can be electricallyserially connected and can be referred to collectively as a columndriver 26. Alternatively, each column-driver integrated circuit with aseparate, distinct, and independent column-driver substrate can bereferred to as a column driver 26, as shown in the Figures. One or morecolumn drivers 26 can be disposed between two or more pixels 40 in oneor two dimensions, for example as shown in FIG. 4, as discussed furtherbelow. In some embodiments of the present invention, a column driver 26comprises one or more active circuits formed in or on a displaysubstrate 10, for example thin-film semiconductor circuits, such asamorphous silicon or low-temperature polycrystalline silicon circuits.One or more active circuits can be distributed over a display substrate10, for example interconnected circuits disposed at different locationson the display substrate 10.

Similarly, row lines 12 are disposed on a display substrate 10 and canextend toward a bezel edge 30. Each row line 12 is electricallyconnected to each pixel 40 in a row of pixels 40. One or more row lines12 can be disposed between rows of pixels 40. In some embodiments, asingle row line 12 is disposed between adjacent rows of pixels 40. Insome embodiments, multiple row lines 12 are disposed between adjacentrows of pixels 40. Adjacent rows of pixels 40 are rows of pixels 40 thathave no other row of pixels 40 between the adjacent rows.

A row driver 22 is electrically connected to each row line 12 and isdisposed on a display substrate 10. In some embodiments of the presentinvention, a row driver 22 can be a single integrated circuit, forexample having a row-driver substrate separate, distinct, andindependent from a display substrate 10 and from diode substrates inpixels 40. In some embodiments of the present invention, a row driver 22comprises a plurality of row-driver integrated circuits, eachelectrically connected to one or more row lines 12, and each having arow-driver substrate separate, distinct, and independent from a displaysubstrate 10, from diode substrates in pixels 40, and from any otherrow-driver integrated circuit. A plurality of row driver integratedcircuits can be electrically serially connected and can be referred tocollectively as a row driver 22. Alternatively, each row-driverintegrated circuit with a separate, distinct, and independent row-driversubstrate can be referred to as a row driver 22, as shown in theFigures.

One or more row drivers 22 can be disposed between two or more pixels 40in one or two dimensions, for example as shown in FIG. 1A. In someembodiments of the present invention, a row driver 22 comprises one ormore active circuits formed in or on a display substrate 10, for examplethin-film semiconductor circuits, such as amorphous silicon orlow-temperature polycrystalline silicon circuits. One or more activecircuits can be distributed over a display substrate 10, for exampleinterconnected circuits disposed at different locations on the displaysubstrate 10.

One or more row-connection lines 13 are disposed on the displaysubstrate 10. Each row-connection line 13 is electrically connected to arow line 12 or to a row driver 22. At least one row-connection line 13is disposed at least partially between columns of pixels 40. In someembodiments of the present invention, two or more row-connection lines13 are disposed at least partially between columns of pixels 40. Asshown in FIG. 1A, for example, each row-connection line 13 can extendfrom a display substrate 10 connection edge 32 to a row driver 22. Insome embodiments, row drivers 22 are also electrically connected withrow-connection lines 13 to row lines 12 (e.g., as labeled in FIG. 2 andas discussed further below). In some embodiments, row drivers 22 areelectrically connected directly to row lines 12, without requiring anadditional row-connection line 13 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 7 and asdiscussed further below).

In some embodiments, two or more row-connection lines 13 are disposed atleast partially between columns of pixels 40. Each row-connection line13 can be uniquely disposed between columns of pixels 40 so that onlyone row-connection line 13 is disposed between two adjacent columns ofpixels 40 (FIG. 2). Alternatively, multiple row-connection lines 13 canbe disposed between columns of pixels 40 so that more than onerow-connection line 13 is disposed between two adjacent columns ofpixels 40.

According to some embodiments of the present invention, row drivers 22and column drivers 26 are disposed in different locations over thedisplay substrate 10. FIG. 1A illustrates row drivers 22 disposed withinthe display area and between pixels 40 and the column drivers 26 outsidethe display area and adjacent to the connection edge 32.

In some embodiments, each pixel 40 in a column of pixels 40 closest to abezel edge 30 is spatially separated from the bezel edge 30 by adistance less than or equal to a column distance 18. In certainembodiments, a single column of pixels 40 is closest to a vertical bezeledge 30 and each pixel 40 in that single column is spatially separatedfrom the bezel edge 30 by a distance less than or equal to a columndistance 18 and the bezel has a width less than or equal to the columndistance 18. Similarly, in some embodiments, each pixel 40 in a row ofpixels 40 closest to a bezel edge 30 is spatially separated from thebezel edge 30 by a distance less than or equal to a row distance 14. Incertain embodiments, a single row of pixels 40 is closest to ahorizontal bezel edge 30 and each pixel 40 in that single row isspatially separated from the bezel edge 30 by a distance less than orequal to a row distance 14 and the bezel has a height less than or equalto the row distance 14.

In some embodiments, each pixel 40 in a column of pixels 40 closest to abezel edge 30 is spatially separated from the bezel edge 30 by adistance less than or equal to one half of a column distance 18. Forexample, the bezel width can be one half or less of a column distance18. Similarly, in some embodiments, each pixel 40 in a row of pixels 40closest to a bezel edge 30 is spatially separated from the bezel edge 30by a distance less than or equal to one half of a row distance 14. Forexample, the bezel height can be one half or less of a row distance 14.In some embodiments both are true, so that the bezel width can be onehalf or less of a column distance 18 and the bezel height can be onehalf or less of a row distance 14. In some such embodiments, the arrayof pixels can comprise a display tile that can be tiled without visibleseams due to or between the pixels, since the pixel pitch in bothvertical and horizontal directions is the same within a display tile andbetween adjacent display tiles.

In some embodiments, at least one row driver 22 is spatially separatedfrom a corresponding row of pixels 40 to which it is electricallyconnected by a distance less than at least one of a column distance 18and a row distance 14. At least one row driver 22 can be disposed on adisplay substrate 10 between columns of pixels 40. In some embodiments,at least one column driver 26 is spatially separated from acorresponding column of pixels 40 to which it is electrically connectedby a distance less than at least one of a row distance 14 and a columndistance 18. At least one column driver 26 can be disposed on a displaysubstrate 10 between rows of pixels 40. In some embodiments both aretrue, so that at least one row driver 22 is spatially separated from acorresponding row of pixels 40 to which it is electrically connected bya distance less than at least one of a column distance 18 and a rowdistance 14 and at least one column driver 26 is spatially separatedfrom a corresponding column of pixels 40 to which it is electricallyconnected by a distance less than at least one of a row distance 14 anda column distance 18. In some embodiments, column drivers 26 areseparated from a corresponding column of pixels 40 to which it iselectrically connected by a distance equal to or less than the columndistance 18 and row drivers 22 are separated from a corresponding row ofpixels 40 to which it is electrically connected by a distance to or lessthan the row distance 14.

In some embodiments of the present invention, referring to FIGS. 1A and2, one of the row-connection lines 13 is disposed at least partiallybetween one of the columns of the pixels 40 and one of the one or morebezel edges 30. Thus, a row-connection line 13 can be exterior to thedisplay area of a bezel-free display 99.

Referring to FIG. 1A, each row driver 22 and column driver 26 isdirectly controlled through an electrical connection on the connectionedge 32 by a display controller exterior to the display substrate 10(not shown). In some embodiments, row drivers 22 and column drivers 26are electrically serially connected, for example as shown in FIG. 2. Afirst one of the serially connected row drivers 22 and column drivers 26is directly controlled through an electrical connection on theconnection edge 32 by a display controller exterior to the displaysubstrate 10 (not shown). This reduces the number of electricalconnections on a connection edge 32 and the extent of row and columnlines 12, 16 in the display area of a display substrate 10.

Row drivers 22 and column drivers 26 can be disposed in a variety oflocations over a display substrate 10. Referring to FIG. 1A, row drivers22 are disposed in a display area of a display substrate 10 betweenpixels 40. In some such embodiments, a row-connection line 13 extendsfrom a connection edge 32 to each row driver 22 and from each row driver22 to a corresponding row line 12 driven by the corresponding row driver22. Column drivers 26 are disposed in a row adjacent to the connectionedge 32.

Referring to FIG. 2, row drivers 22 and column drivers 26 are bothdisposed in a row adjacent to a connection edge 32. In some suchembodiments, a row-connection line 13 extends from each row driver 22 toa corresponding row line 12 driven by the corresponding row driver 22.Both the row of row drivers 22 and the row of column drivers 26 are eachserially electrically connected. The row of column drivers 26 isserially connected with a column-connection line 17.

Referring to the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 3, each of one ormore row drivers 22 is electrically connected to two row lines 12 withrow-connection lines 13. This reduces the number of row drivers 22,although each row driver 22 can be larger and incorporate morecircuitry. Moreover, in some embodiments, one or more column drivers 26are electrically connected to two column lines 16 (as also shown in FIG.3).

Referring to the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 4, row drivers 22and column drivers 26 are both disposed in a display area between pixels40 on a display substrate 10. As is also shown in FIGS. 2 and 3,row-connection lines 13 can extend from row drivers 22 to respective rowlines 12.

Referring to the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 5, each rowdriver 22 is the display area directly drives a corresponding row line12 without an intervening row-connection line 13. The row drivers 22 aredisposed in a column and are serially connected with row-connectionlines 13. A first row driver 22 in the serial chain of row drivers 22 isconnected through a wire on the connection edge to an external displaydriver (not shown).

Referring to the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 6, row drivers 22are distributed both horizontally and vertically across the display areaand are electrically serially connected with row-connection lines 13.The column drivers 26 in the embodiments illustrated in both FIG. 5 andFIG. 6 are disposed between the bottom row of pixels 40 and theconnection edge 32 and the connection edge 32. In the embodimentillustrated in FIG. 7, the vertically arranged serially electricallyconnected row drivers 22 and horizontally arranged serially electricallyconnected column drivers 26 are disposed within the display area betweenthe pixels 40 of the bezel-free display 99.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a display substrate 10 canbe any suitable substrate comprising a surface on which micro-iLEDs 44,row lines 12, column lines 16, row-connection lines 13, row drivers 22,or column drivers 26 can be disposed. Such display substrates 10 can beor comprise, for example, glass, plastic, or ceramic.

As shown in FIG. 1B, pixels 40 can include pixel controllers 42 and oneor more micro-iLEDs 44, for example three micro-iLEDs 44 each emitting adifferent color of light, for example red, green, and blue, in responseto control signals from a pixel controller 42, providing anactive-matrix pixel 40. Thus, in some embodiments of the presentinvention, a bezel-free display 99 is an active-matrix display and eachpixel 40 comprises a pixel controller 42 uniquely electrically connectedto each pair of row lines 12 and column lines 16 for controllinginorganic micro-light-emitting diodes 44 in a pixel 40.

In some embodiments, pixels 40 do not include pixel controllers 42 andcomprise one or more micro-iLEDs 44, for example three or moremicro-iLEDs 44 each emitting a different color of light, for examplered, green, and blue, in response to control signals from an externaldisplay controller, for example row or column controllers, providing apassive-matrix pixel 40 and passive-matrix bezel-free display 99.

In some embodiments of an active-matrix display, a pixel controller 42is a micro-integrated circuit, for example comprising a controllersubstrate separate, distinct, and independent of any diode substratesand a display substrate 10, made using photolithographic methods andmaterials found in the integrated circuit industry. Column lines 16 androw lines 12 (and power lines 46 and ground lines 48) are electricallyconductive wires, e.g., traces, for conducting electrical power andsignals to pixels 40 and can be made, for example, usingphotolithographic, screen printing, or printed-circuit board materialsand methods on or in the display substrate 10.

Inorganic micro-light-emitting diodes 44 can comprise a semiconductordiode substrate, for example a compound semiconductor such as GaN,InGaN, GaAs, or other compound semiconductors useful for light-emittingdiodes made using photolithographic processes and materials.

In some embodiments of the present invention, each inorganicmicro-light-emitting diode 44, each row driver 22, or each column driver26 has at least one (e.g., any combination) of (i) a width from 2 to nomore than 100 μm (e.g., 2 to no more than 5 μm, 5 to no more than 10 μm,10 to no more than 20 μm, 20 to no more than 50 μm, or 50 to no morethan 100 μm), (ii) a length from 2 to no more than 250 μm (e.g., 2 to nomore than 5 μm, 5 to no more than 10 μm, 10 to no more than 20 μm, 20 tono more than 50 μm, 50 to no more than 100 μm, or 100 to no more than250 μm), and (iii) a thickness from 2 to no more than 50 μm (e.g., 2 tono more than 5 μm, 5 to no more than 10 μm, 10 to no more than 20 μm, or20 to no more than 50 μm). U.S. Pat. No. 6,825,559 describes methods ofmaking micro-transfer-printable inorganic micro-iLEDs 44, the disclosureof which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Any combination of the inorganic micro-light-emitting diodes 44, rowdrivers 22, or column drivers 26 can be micro-devices micro-transferprinted from a native source wafer to the display substrate 10, anothersubstrate, or to a substrate disposed on the display substrate 10. Anyof the inorganic micro-light-emitting diodes 44, row drivers 22, orcolumn drivers 26 can comprise a broken, fractured, or separated tetheras a consequence of the micro-transfer printing process.

In some active-matrix embodiments of the present invention, micro-iLEDs44 or pixel controllers 42 (if included in an active-matrix embodiment)are disposed directly on a display substrate 10. In some embodiments,referring to FIG. 8, each pixel 40 comprises a pixel substrate 56 withone or more inorganic micro-light-emitting diodes 44 disposed on thepixel substrate 56. A pixel controller 42 can be disposed on the pixelsubstrate 56, and the pixel substrate 56 disposed on the displaysubstrate 10. (In passive-matrix embodiments of the present invention,the pixel controller 42 is not present.) Moreover, in some embodimentsof the present invention, micro-iLEDs 44 (e.g., red micro-iLED 44Remitting red light, green micro-iLED 44G emitting green light, and bluemicro-iLED 44B emitting blue light, collectively micro-iLEDs 44) can bemicro-transfer printed onto a pixel substrate 56, for example from oneor more native LED source wafers, and each micro-iLED 44 can comprise abroken (e.g., fractured) or separated micro-iLED tether 62 (as aconsequence of micro-transfer printing). In some embodiments, a pixelcontroller 42 can be micro-transfer printed onto a pixel substrate 56,for example from a native silicon source wafer, and the pixel controller42 can comprise a broken (e.g., fractured) or separated micro-controllertether 54. A pixel substrate 56 can be any useful substrate on whichmicro-iLEDs 44 or pixel controllers 42 (if included) can be disposed,for example that is or comprises glass, plastic, or ceramic. In someembodiments, a pixel substrate 56 is a semiconductor substrate and apixel controller 42 is provided in a circuit formed in or on the pixelsubstrate 56, so that the pixel controller 42 is native to the pixelsubstrate 56 and can be electrically connected with fine,high-resolution pixel-substrate wires 58.

Furthermore, in some embodiments of the present invention, a pixelsubstrate 56 is micro-transfer printed from a pixel source wafer 100(shown in FIG. 9 and as discussed below) onto a display substrate 10 anda pixel substrate 56 comprises a broken (e.g., fractured) or separatedpixel tether 52. A pixel substrate 56 can have at least one of (i) anarea of 10 to no more than 1 square mm (e.g., 10 to no more than 50square microns, 50 to no more than 100 square microns, 100 to no morethan 500 square microns, or 500 square microns to no more than 1 squaremm) and (ii) a thickness of 1 to no more than 50 microns (e.g., 1 to nomore than 5 microns, 5 to no more than 10 microns, 10 to no more than 20microns, or 20 to no more than 50 microns). Such small pixel substrates56 can be more readily micro-transfer printed and constructed usinghigh-resolution photolithographic techniques. Thus, pixel-substratewires 58 or other electrical conductors disposed on the pixel substrates56 can be formed using, for example, photolithographic methods andmaterials and have a small width, can be disposed closer together, andcan have a higher resolution than wires or other electrical conductorssuch as row lines 12 and column lines 16 formed on a display substrate10, for example by large-format photolithography, screen printing, orprinted-circuit board construction and assembly techniques. Thus,pixel-substrate wires 58 on a pixel substrate 56 can be relatively fine,high-resolution wires and wires on a display substrate 10 (e.g., rowlines 12, column lines 16, power lines 46, and ground lines 48) can berelatively coarse, low-resolution wires compared to the wires 58 on thepixel substrate 56. Therefore, in some embodiments of the presentinvention, high-resolution pixel substrates 56 are individually mountedon a display substrate 10 and micro-iLEDs 44 and pixel controller 42(for active-matrix designs) are micro-devices individually mounted oneach high-resolution pixel substrate 56.

Row lines 12, column lines 16, and pixel-substrate wires 58 can each,separately, comprise metal or metal alloys or transparent metal oxides(for example deposited on the display substrate 10 or pixel substrate 56by evaporation or sputtering and patterned using photolithographicmethods). Row lines 12, column lines 16, power lines 46, ground lines48, and pixel-substrate wires 58 can each, separately, be disposed on orin a single layer or on or in multiple (e.g., different) substratelayers of a display substrate 10 or pixel substrate 56 so that they donot electrically short on a surface of a display substrate 10 or pixelsubstrate 56. Vias can be provided to make electrical connectionsbetween devices or structures disposed on a display substrate 10 orpixel substrate 56 surface and row lines 12, column lines 16, powerlines 46, ground lines 48, or pixel-substrate wires 58 in a display- orpixel-substrate layer below a display substrate 10 or a pixel substrate56 surface.

Certain embodiments of the present invention can be constructed bymicro-transfer printing devices, such as micro-controllers 42 andinorganic micro-light-emitting diodes 44, from respective source wafersto a display substrate 10 or pixel substrate 56. Referring to FIGS. 8and 9, in some embodiments of the present invention, two or moremicro-iLEDs 44 are disposed on a pixel substrate 56, for example bymicro-transfer printing inorganic micro-light-emitting diodes 44 fromrespective source wafers to a pixel substrate 56 on a pixel source wafer100 (in the cross section of FIG. 9 one micro-iLED 44 is visible of aplurality of micro-iLEDs 44), and then micro-transfer printing the pixelsubstrates 56 from the pixel source wafer 100 to a display area of adisplay substrate 10. Micro-controllers 42 can also be micro-transferprinted from a native source substrate (such as a CMOS or mixed-signalnative semiconductor wafer) to a pixel substrate 56. Components on apixel substrate 56 can be electrically connected with relatively fine,high-resolution pixel-substrate wires 58 on the pixel substrate 56 thatare electrically connected to relatively coarse, low-resolution row orcolumn lines 12, 16 on a display substrate 10 to control a pixelcontroller 42 and micro-iLEDs 44 with signals, such as control, power,or ground signals, from an external display controller (not shown in theFigures). A pixel substrate 56 can, for example, be similar to a displaysubstrate 10 (e.g., made of glass or plastic) but in a much smallersize, for example having an area of 10-50 square microns, 50-100 squaremicrons, 100-500 square microns, or 500 square microns-1 square mm andcan be only a few microns thick, for example 1-5 microns, 5-10 microns,10-20 microns, or 20-50 microns thick.

Pixel-substrate wires 58 can be fine interconnections, for examplehaving a width of less than 50 μm, less than 20 μm, less than 10 μm,less than five μm, less than two μm, or less than one μm. Row and columnlines 12, 16 can include one or more crude lithography interconnectionshaving a width from 2 μm to 2 mm. In some embodiments, fineinterconnections (pixel-substrate wires 58) are provided on pixelsubstrates 56 using relatively high-resolution photolithographic methodsand materials and coarse interconnections (row and column lines 12, 16)are provided on a display substrate 10 using relatively low-resolutionscreen printing or printed-circuit board methods and materials.

Micro-transfer printing has the advantage of enabling use of acrystalline silicon substrate for a pixel controller 42 that providessmaller higher-performance integrated circuit components than can bemade in a layer of amorphous or polysilicon semiconductor available on apixel substrate 56 or a large substrate such as a display substrate 10.In some embodiments, a display substrate 10 can include material, forexample glass or plastic, different from a material in a semiconductorsubstrate (e.g., a pixel controller substrate), for example asemiconductor material such as silicon or a compound semiconductor. Sucharrangements also have an advantage in that pixels 40 can be separatelytested before they are located on the surface of a display substrate 10,thus improving yields and reducing costs.

In some embodiments of the present invention, components (e.g., pixels40, micro-iLEDs 44, or pixel controllers 42) are constructed on andphysically connected to a native source wafer with one or more tethersthat hold the components in place with respect to the source wafer sothat the components can be micro-transfer printed from the native sourcewafer, for example by contacting the components with respective posts ofa transfer stamp to adhere the components to the stamp posts and thenremoving the transfer stamp from the source wafer, thereby breaking(e.g., fracturing) or separating the tethers. The components are thencontacted to and adhered to a destination substrate, such as a displaysubstrate 10 or pixel substrate 56 and the transfer stamp removed. FIG.8 illustrates broken (e.g., fractured) micro-iLED tethers 62 resultingfrom micro-transfer printing red, green, and blue micro-iLEDs 44R, 44G,44B from respective LED source wafers each comprising differentmaterials, for example GaN and GaAs, that are suitable for making LEDsthat emit light of different colors. FIG. 8 also illustrates broken(e.g., fractured) micro-controller tethers 54 resulting frommicro-transfer printing micro-controllers 42 from a micro-controllersource wafer, for example a CMOS integrated circuit. Referring to FIG.9, the pixel 40 itself (in this case an active-matrix three-color pixel40 as shown in the perspective of FIG. 8) is formed on a pixel substrate56 on a pixel source wafer 100 and can be micro-transfer printed fromthe pixel source wafer 100 to a destination substrate, such as a displaysubstrate 10, thereby breaking (e.g., fracturing) or separating pixeltethers 52 attached to the pixel substrate 56. In some embodiments,micro-iLEDs 44 and micro-controllers 42 (and respective fineinterconnections) are disposed directly on a display substrate 10 (e.g.,no pixel substrates 56 are present).

Referring to FIG. 9, one or more pixels 40, for example an array ofpixels 40 are provided on a pixel source substrate 100 having aplurality of sacrificial portions 112 separated by anchors 152, forexample transversely or laterally separated. Each pixel 40 is disposedentirely over a corresponding sacrificial portion 112 and can include,for example one or more electrically connected components such asmicro-iLEDs 44 (e.g., micro-iLEDs 44R, 44G, 44B) and a micro-controller42, with broken micro-iLED and micro-controller tethers 62, 54, asillustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9. The components can be protected withpatterned dielectric material 124 and electronically connected withcomponent contact pads 122 and patterned electrodes 126 connected toconnection posts 140. Dielectric material forming an encapsulation layer129 protects the components and can form a pixel tether 52 physicallyconnecting the pixel 40 to an anchor 152. A sacrificial portion 112 canbe etched through an opening 125 to release a pixel 40 from a pixelsource substrate 100, except for the pixel tether 52. The pixel 40 canthen be micro-transfer printed by pressing a stamp post against thepixel 40 to adhere the pixel 40 to the stamp post and removing thetransfer stamp to fracture the pixel tether 52. The transfer stamp ismoved to a display substrate 10 and the pixel 40 adhered to the displaysubstrate 10, for example by pressing the connection posts 140 into anelectrical contact on the display substrate 10.

In some embodiments of the present invention, pixels 40 can emit lightin a direction opposite to or away from a display substrate 10 so thatmost or all of the emitted light does not pass or is not transmittedthrough the display substrate 10 (in a top-emitter configuration). Insome embodiments of the present invention, pixels 40 can emit light in adirection towards a display substrate 10 so that most or all of theemitted light passes through the display substrate 10 (in abottom-emitter configuration).

As shown in FIG. 8, pixels 40 can each comprise one or more inorganicmicro-iLEDs 44. The micro-iLEDs 44 in a pixel 40 can include micro-iLEDs44 that emit different colors of light, for example red light from redinorganic micro-light-emitting diode 44R, green light from greeninorganic micro-light-emitting diode 44G, and blue light from blueinorganic micro-light-emitting diode 44B (collectively micro-iLEDs 44).In certain embodiments of the present invention, a bezel-free display 99is a matrix-addressed bezel-free display 99 having row-select andcolumn-data lines, e.g., row lines 12 (row-select wires) and columnlines 16 (column-data wires). Each pixel 40 is controlled by arow-select line in combination with a column-data line. In someembodiments, a bezel-free display 99 is a passive-matrix display. Insome embodiments, a bezel-free display 99 is an active-matrix displayhaving a pixel controller 42 with a control circuit 43 provided for eachpixel 40 (e.g., as shown in FIG. 8). A pixel controller 42 is disposedin, on, or over a display substrate 10 in association with one or moremicro-iLEDs 44 in the pixel 40 and is electrically connected with wiresto the one or more micro-iLEDs 44 to control the one or more micro-iLEDs44 using signals provided on the row and column lines 12, 16.

In some embodiments, row and column lines 12, 16 (and power and groundlines 46, 48) are provided in substantially one metal layer on, in, orover the display substrate 10 with jumpers or connection vias to avoidelectrical short circuits where the lines intersect and can beelectrically connected to display substrate contact pads or otherelectrical connections suitable for connecting to display controlcircuits (not shown in the Figures). In some embodiments, row and columnlines 12, 16 are provided in two or more metal layers on or in thedisplay substrate 10 to avoid electrical short circuits and can beelectrically connected to display substrate contact pads or otherelectrical connections suitable for connecting to display controlcircuits (not shown in the Figures).

FIG. 10A illustrates a bezel-free tiled display 97 comprising bezel-freedisplay tiles 98 according to some embodiments of the present invention.The bezel-free display tiles 98 are arranged so that a displaycontroller (not shown in FIG. 10A) is connected to the upper leftbezel-free display tile 98 row-connection line 13 and column-connectionline 17 (shown in more detail in FIG. 10B). This display controllerconnection arrangement is arbitrary; other functionally similararrangements are also contemplated. In some embodiments of the presentinvention, the bezel-free display tile 98 connected to a displaycontroller is in other locations either on any of the edges or in acentral portion of a bezel-free tiled display 97 (for example, in thecase of a 3×3 or larger bezel-free display tile 98 arrangement).Similarly, the lower left bezel-free display tile 98 (shown in moredetail in FIG. 10C) can be in any column of bezel-free display tiles 98in a bezel-free tiled display 97 corresponding to the disposition of thebezel-free display tile 98 of FIG. 10A. In the same way, upper rightbezel-free display tile 98 (shown in more detail in FIG. 10D) can be inany column of bezel-free display tiles 98 in a bezel-free tiled display97 corresponding to the disposition of the bezel-free display tile 98 ofFIG. 10A. In any of these arrangements, it is only necessary that therow-connection lines 13 extend from one bezel-free display tile 98 to aneighboring, adjacent bezel-free display tile 98 in the same column ofbezel-free display tiles 98 and that the column-connection lines 17extend from one bezel-free display tile 98 to a neighboring adjacentbezel-free display tile 98 in the same row of bezel-free display tiles98. Row lines 12 and column lines 16 must similarly be connected betweenbezel-free display tiles 98, for example using jumper wires,through-hole vias with back connections, or other tile electricalinterconnection techniques.

As shown in FIGS. 10A-10D, according to some embodiments of the presentinvention, a bezel-free display tile 98 comprises a tile substrate 11comprising at least four bezel edges 30. Two bezel edges 30 of the atleast four bezel edges 30 are opposing row edges 36 and two of the bezeledges 30 of the at least four bezel edges 30 are opposing column edges34 of the bezel-free display tile 98. Pixels 40 are individuallydisposed on the tile substrate 11 in rows and columns such that columnsof pixels 40 are separated by a column distance 18, rows of pixels 40are separated by a row distance 14, and each pixel 40 comprises one ormore inorganic micro-light-emitting diodes 44 (shown in FIGS. 1B and 9).The row distance 14 can be, but is not necessarily, the same distance asthe column distance 18. Each inorganic micro-light-emitting diode 44comprises a diode substrate independent, separate, and distinct from atile substrate 11.

Column lines 16 are disposed on a tile substrate 11 and extend toward atleast one row edge 36. Each column line 16 is electrically connected toeach pixel 40 in one of the columns of pixels 40. Similarly, row lines12 are disposed on a tile substrate 11 and extend toward at least onecolumn edge 34. Each row line 12 is electrically connected to each pixel40 in one of the rows of pixels 40. In some embodiments, a column edge34 is substantially parallel to a column of pixels 40 in a verticaldirection and a row edge 36 is substantially parallel to a row of pixels40 in a horizontal direction. As will be appreciated by those skilled inthe art, “row” and “column” designations and “horizontal” and “vertical”designations are arbitrary and can be interchanged.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a row driver 22 iselectrically connected to at least one row line 12 and a row driver 22is disposed on a tile substrate 11 within at least one of a columndistance 18 and a row distance 14 of the row line 12. Similarly, in someembodiments, a column driver 26 is electrically connected to at leastone column line 16 and a column driver 26 is disposed on a tilesubstrate 11 within at least one of a row distance 14 and a columndistance 18 of the column line 16. In some embodiments, both a rowdriver 22 and a column driver 26 are disposed as described.

In some embodiments, each pixel 40 in the column of pixels 40 closest toa column edge 34 is spatially separated from the column edge 34 by adistance less than or equal to a column distance 18. In someembodiments, each pixel 40 in the row of pixels 40 closest to a row edge36 is spatially separated from the row edge 36 by a distance less thanor equal to a row distance 14.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a row driver 22 isdisposed within at least one of a column distance 18 and a row distance14 of a corresponding row line 12 to which the row driver 22 iselectrically connected and a column driver 26 is disposed within atleast one of a row distance 14 and a column distance 18 of acorresponding column line 16 to which the column driver 26 iselectrically connected.

In some embodiments of the present invention, (i) one or more inorganicmicro-light-emitting diodes 44 are micro-transfer printed inorganicmicro-light-emitting diodes 44 each comprising a broken (e.g.,fractured) or separated tether, (ii) a row driver 22 is a micro-transferprinted integrated circuit comprising a broken or separated tether,(iii) a column driver 26 is a micro-transfer printed integrated circuitcomprising a broken (e.g., fractured) or separated tether, or (iv) anycombination of (i), (ii), and (iii).

In some embodiments of the present invention, and referring also to FIG.8, the bezel-free display tile 98 comprises one or more pixels 40 thateach comprise a pixel substrate 56 with the one or more inorganicmicro-light emitting diodes 44 disposed on the pixel substrate 56. Insome embodiments, the pixel substrate 56 has been micro-transfer printedonto a tile substrate 11 and the pixel substrate 56 comprises a broken(e.g., fractured) or separated tether.

Structures, methods, and materials useful with respect to a bezel-freedisplay 99, for example as shown in FIGS. 1A-1C and as described above,can be, in some embodiments, applied to bezel-free display tiles 98 andbezel-free tiled displays 97 and vice versa.

Certain embodiments of the present invention comprise LEDlight-emitters, for example micro-iLEDs 44, that enable a relativelysmall aperture ratio and a substantially bezel-free display 99, forexample greater than or equal to 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% transparentto visible light. In various embodiments, the combined area of thelight-emitting area of the micro-iLEDs 44 or the micro-iLEDs 44themselves is less than or equal to 25%, 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.1%,0.05%, or 0.01% of the display area or the minimum contiguous convexhull display area including all of the micro-iLEDs 44 on a displaysubstrate 10. For example, micro-iLEDs 44 have been constructed having aplanar size of 8×15 μm and area of 120 μm². For example, a 4 k×2 k fullcolor display can have 4096×2048×3 LEDs 22 (each having an area of 120μm²) equaling a total micro-iLED 44 area of 3020 mm². A bezel-freedisplay 99 having a display substrate 10 one meter high by two meterslong has an area of two square meters or 2,000,000 mm², so that only3020/2,000,000=0.15% of the display substrate 10 area is covered withthe micro-iLEDs 44. An exemplary 8 k×4 k display of the same size withsame-sized micro-iLEDs 44 will still have less than 1% of the displaysubstrate 10 area covered by micro-iLEDs 44. Larger display areas orsmaller micro-iLEDs will result in smaller percentages. Thus, relativelysmall pixels 40 are well suited for use in displays according to certainembodiments of the present invention by providing a relatively largeamount of free space in the display area of a display substrate 10 inwhich row and column drivers 22, 26 and row-connection lines 13 can bedisposed between pixels 40.

Structures and elements in accordance with certain embodiments of thepresent invention can be made and assembled using micro-transferprinting methods and materials. In some embodiments, micro-iLEDs 44 areprepared on a native source wafer, for example a sapphire wafer withcompound semiconductors such as GaN or GaAs thereon with each type ofmicro-iLED 44 prepared on a different source wafer and released formicro-transfer printing with one or more micro-iLED tethers 62 (shown inFIGS. 8 and 9) physically connecting the micro-iLEDs 44 to an anchor 152portion of the source wafer. Any pixel controller 42 provided in aseparate integrated circuit, for example comprising silicon CMOScircuits, can similarly be prepared on a source wafer such as a siliconwafer. In certain embodiments, micro-iLEDs 44 and any pixel controller42 components are then contacted with a micro-transfer printing stamp tofracture or otherwise break the micro-iLED tethers 62 andmicro-controller tethers 54 and adhere the components to the transferstamp, the transfer stamp is transferred to a non-native destinationsubstrate such as the display substrate 10, and the components arecontacted and adhered to the destination substrate. A differentmicro-transfer printing step can be used with each different sourcewafer. When micro-transfer printing components directly from the sourcewafers to the destination substrate (e.g., display substrate 10), eachmicro-transfer printed component will have a separate, distinct, andindependent substrate and form a broken (e.g., fractured) micro-iLED ormicro-controller tether 62, 54 such as that shown in FIG. 8. If, as insome embodiments, components are first micro-transfer printed tonon-native pixel substrates 56 (e.g., as in FIGS. 8 and 9), the pixelsubstrates 56 themselves can be micro-transfer printed to a non-nativedestination substrate such as a display substrate 10 using the samereleased structure with a pixel tether 52 and micro-transfer printingprocess.

According to various embodiments of the present invention, a bezel-freedisplay 99, a bezel-free tiled display 97, or a bezel-free display tile98 includes a variety of designs having a variety of resolutions,micro-iLED 44 sizes, and display substrate 10 or tile substrate 11 anddisplay area sizes. For example, embodiments with display substrates 10or tile substrates 11 ranging from about 1 cm by 1 cm to about 10 m by10 m in size are contemplated. In some embodiments, inorganicmicro-light-emitting diodes 44 can have a size of one square micron to500 square microns (e.g., at least one of a height from 2 to no morethan 5 μm, 5 to no more than 10 μm, 10 to no more than 20 μm, or 20 tono more than 50 μm, a length from 2 to no more than 5 μm, 5 to no morethan 10 μm, 10 to no more than 20 μm, or 20 to no more than 50 μm, and awidth from 2 to no more than 5 μm, 5 to 10 no more than μm, 10 to nomore than 20 μm, or 20 to no more than 50 μm). In general, largermicro-iLEDs 44 are most useful, but are not limited to, larger displaysubstrates 10 or tile substrates 11. The resolution of micro-iLEDs 44over a display substrate 10 can also vary, for example from 50 ofmicro-iLEDs 44 per inch to hundreds of micro-iLEDs 44 per inch, or eventhousands of micro-iLEDs 44 per inch. For example, a three-color displayhaving one thousand 10 μm×10 μm of micro-iLEDs 44 per inch (on a 25-μmpitch) has an aperture ratio of less than 16 percent (including only thearea of micro-iLEDs 44). Thus, certain embodiments of the presentinvention have application in both low-resolution and veryhigh-resolution bezel-free displays 99.

According to certain embodiments of the present invention, a displaysubstrate 10 can include layers formed on an underlying structure orsubstrate, for example a rigid or flexible glass or plastic substrate.In some embodiments, micro-iLEDs 44 are formed in a layer on a displaysubstrate 10 or tile substrate 11 so that the micro-iLEDs 44 are nativeto the display substrate 10. In some embodiments, micro-iLEDs 44 aretransferred from another substrate (such as a semiconductor sourcewafer) to a display substrate 10, tile substrate 11, or pixel substrate56 so that the micro-iLEDs 44 are non-native to the display substrate10, tile substrate 11, or pixel substrate 56.

In some embodiments of the present invention, micro-iLEDs 44 havelight-emissive areas or a size of less than 10, 20, 50, or 100 squaremicrons. Such micro-iLEDs 44 have the advantage of a smalllight-emissive area compared to their brightness as well as color purityproviding highly saturated display colors and a substantially Lambertianemission providing a wide viewing angle for a bezel-free display 99according to certain embodiments of the present invention. In variousembodiments, a display area of a display substrate 10 is greater than orequal to eight times, ten times, twenty times, fifty times, one hundredtimes, two hundred times, five hundred times, one thousand, or tenthousand times the combined light-emissive areas of the micro-iLEDs 44or the areas of the micro-iLEDs 44.

Certain embodiments of the present invention can be operated in avariety of useful ways. In some embodiments, a display controller (notshown in the Figures) provides power, a ground reference, and controlsignals to pixels 40 in a bezel-free display 99 through the power,ground, row, and column lines 46, 48, 12, 16. The control signals canprovide a passive-matrix control of micro-iLEDs 44 in pixels 40 toprovide functionality to a bezel-free display 99. In some embodiments,pixels 40 include a pixel controller 42. A display controller isconnected to pixel controllers 42 through row and column lines 12, 16and provides control signals for controlling micro-iLEDs 44, for examplein an active-matrix control configuration. In some embodiments, a pixelcontroller 42 includes analog, digital, or mixed-signal circuitry andcan control micro-iLEDs 44 in response to a display controller to emitlight in an image-wise fashion in the display area, for exampledisplaying images, graphics, text, or other information.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,722,458, 7,622,367 and 8,506,867 each discussmicro-transfer printing techniques, the disclosure from each of which ishereby incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, micro-iLEDs 44are electrically connected to row and column lines 12, 16 on a displaysubstrate 10 by a process of micro-transfer printing, using connectionposts 140 formed with micro-iLEDs 44 (shown in FIG. 9), as described inU.S. Pat. No. 8,889,485. In certain embodiments, transferred micro-iLEDs44, pixel controller 42, or pixel substrates 56 are interconnected tothe row and column lines 12, 16 on the display substrate 10 usingphotolithographic or printed-circuit board materials and methods, toenable the display controller to electrically interact with themicro-iLEDs 44 to emit light in a bezel-free display 99.

In an exemplary process, transfer or construction of micro-iLEDs 44 isperformed before or after all the row and column lines 12, 16 are inplace. Thus, in some embodiments, construction of row and column lines12, 16 can be performed before the micro-iLEDs 44 are printed or afterthe micro-iLEDs 44 are printed. In some embodiments, a displaycontroller is externally located (for example on a separateprinted-circuit board substrate) and electrically connected to the rowand column lines 12, 16 using connectors, ribbon cables, or the like. Insome embodiments, a display controller is affixed to a display substrate10 outside a display area and electrically connected to row and columnlines 12, 16 using wires and buses, for example using surface mount andsoldering technology (not shown).

Methods of forming micro-transfer printable structures are described,for example, in the paper Inorganic light-emitting diode displays usingmicro-transfer printing (Journal of the Society for Information Display,2017, DOI #10.1002/jsid.610, 1071-0922/17/2510-0610, pages 589-609) andU.S. Pat. No. 8,889,485, referenced above. Micro-transfer printing usingcompound micro-assembly structures and methods can also be used withcertain embodiments of the present invention, for example, as describedin U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/822,868, filed Aug. 10, 2015,entitled Compound Micro Assembly Strategies and Devices, the disclosureof which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Additionaldetails useful in understanding and performing certain embodiments ofthe present invention are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/743,981, filed Jun. 18, 2015, entitled Micro Assembled LED Displaysand Lighting Elements, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

As is understood by those skilled in the art, the terms “over”, “under”,“above”, “below”, “beneath”, and “on” are relative terms and can beinterchanged in reference to different orientations of the layers,elements, and substrates included in the present invention. For example,a first layer on a second layer, in some embodiments means a first layerdirectly on and in contact with a second layer. In other embodiments, afirst layer on a second layer can include another layer there between.Furthermore, the designations of “row” or “column” with respect tomatrix addressing are arbitrary and can be exchanged.

Having described certain embodiments, it will now become apparent to oneof skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating the concepts ofthe disclosure may be used. Therefore, the invention should not belimited to the described embodiments, but rather should be limited onlyby the spirit and scope of the following claims.

Throughout the description, where apparatus and systems are described ashaving, including, or comprising specific components, or where processesand methods are described as having, including, or comprising specificsteps, it is contemplated that, additionally, there are apparatus, andsystems of the disclosed technology that consist essentially of, orconsist of, the recited components, and that there are processes andmethods according to the disclosed technology that consist essentiallyof, or consist of, the recited processing steps.

It should be understood that the order of steps or order for performingcertain action is immaterial so long as the disclosed technology remainsoperable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions in some circumstancescan be conducted simultaneously. The invention has been described indetail with particular reference to certain embodiments thereof, but itwill be understood that variations and modifications can be effectedwithin the spirit and scope of the invention.

PARTS LIST

-   10 display substrate-   11 tile substrate-   12 row line-   13 row-connection line-   14 row distance-   16 column line-   17 column-connection line-   18 column distance-   22 row driver-   26 column driver-   30 bezel edge-   32 connection edge-   34 column edge-   36 row edge-   40 pixel-   42 micro-controller/pixel controller-   43 control circuit-   44 inorganic micro-light-emitting diode (LED)/micro-iLED-   44R red-light-emitting diode-   44G green-light-emitting diode-   44B blue-light-emitting diode-   46 power line-   48 ground line-   52 pixel tether-   54 micro-controller tether-   56 pixel substrate-   58 pixel-substrate wire-   62 micro-iLED tether-   97 bezel-free tiled display-   98 bezel-free display tile-   99 bezel-free display-   100 pixel source substrate/pixel source wafer-   112 sacrificial portion-   122 component contact pad-   124 patterned dielectric material-   125 opening-   126 electrode-   129 encapsulation layer-   140 connection post-   152 anchor

What is claimed:
 1. A bezel-free display, comprising: a displaysubstrate comprising a connection edge and one or more bezel edges;pixels individually disposed on the display substrate in rows andcolumns such that columns of the pixels are separated by a columndistance, rows of the pixels are separated by a row distance, and eachof the pixels comprises one or more inorganic micro-light-emittingdiodes, each of the one or more inorganic micro-light-emitting diodescomprising a diode substrate independent, separate, and distinct fromthe display substrate; column lines disposed on the display substrateand extending toward the connection edge, each of the column lineselectrically connected to each of the pixels in one of the columns ofthe pixels; a column driver electrically connected to each of the columnlines, wherein the column driver is disposed on the display substrate;row lines disposed on the display substrate, each of the row lineselectrically connected to each of the pixels in one of the rows of thepixels; a row driver electrically connected to each of the row lines,wherein the row driver is disposed on the display substrate; one or morerow-connection lines disposed on the display substrate, wherein each ofthe one or more row-connection lines is electrically connected to one ofthe row lines or one of the row drivers, and at least one of the one ormore row-connection lines is disposed at least partially between columnsof the pixels, wherein (i) at least one row driver is entirely spatiallyseparated from a column by a distance less than at least one of thecolumn distance and the row distance, (ii) at least one column driver isentirely spatially separated from a row by a distance less than at leastone of the row distance and the column distance, or (iii) both (i) and(ii), wherein (a) at least one column driver has a dimension over thedisplay substrate that is less than at least one of the column distanceand the row distance, or (b) at least one row driver has a dimensionover the display substrate that is less than at least one of the columndistance and the row distance, or (c) both (a) and (b).
 2. Thebezel-free display of claim 1, wherein (i) each light emitter in one ofthe rows of the pixels closest to one of the one or more bezel edges isseparated from the bezel edge by a distance less than or equal to therow distance, (ii) each light emitter in one of the columns of thepixels closest to one of the one or more bezel edges is spatiallyseparated from the bezel edge by a distance less than or equal to thecolumn distance, or (iii) both (i) and (ii).
 3. The bezel-free displayof claim 1, wherein each row driver or each column driver has at leastone of (i) a width from 2 to no more than 5 μm, 5 to no more than 10 μm,10 to no more than 20 μm, 20 to no more than 50 μm, or 50 to no morethan 100 μm, (ii) a length from 2 to no more than 5 μm, 5 to no morethan 10 μm, 10 to no more than 20 μm, 20 to no more than 50 μm, 50 to nomore than 100 μm, 100 to no more than 250 μm, and (iii) a thickness from2 to no more than 5 μm, 5 to no more than 10 μm, 10 to no more than 20μm, or 20 to no more than 50 μm.
 4. The bezel-free display of claim 3,wherein (i) each row driver is a micro-transfer-printed micro-integratedcircuit comprising a broken or separated tether, (ii) each column driveris a micro-transfer-printed micro-integrated circuit comprising a brokenor separated tether, or (iii) any combination of (i) and (ii).
 5. Thebezel-free display of claim 1, wherein two or more of the one or morerow-connection lines are disposed at least partially between columns ofthe pixels.
 6. The bezel-free display of claim 1, wherein one of the oneor more row-connection lines is disposed at least partially between thecolumn of the pixels closest to a bezel edge and the bezel edge.
 7. Thebezel-free display of claim 1, wherein each row driver comprises arow-driver substrate separate, distinct, and independent of the displaysubstrate and the row-driver substrate of any other row driver, and eachrow driver is electrically connected to one or more of the row lines. 8.The bezel-free display of claim 1, wherein one or more of the rowdrivers is electrically connected to two row lines.
 9. The bezel-freedisplay of claim 1, wherein each column driver comprises a column-driversubstrate separate, distinct, and independent of the display substrateand the column-driver substrate of any other column driver, and eachcolumn driver is electrically connected to one or more of the columnlines.
 10. The bezel-free display of claim 1, wherein one or more of thecolumn drivers is electrically connected to two column lines.
 11. Thebezel-free display of claim 1, wherein one or more of the pixels eachcomprise a pixel substrate with the one or more inorganic light emittersof the pixel disposed on the pixel substrate.
 12. The bezel-free displayof claim 11, wherein the pixel substrate has been micro-transfer printedonto the display substrate and the pixel substrate comprises a broken orseparated tether.
 13. The bezel-free display of claim 12, wherein thepixel substrate has at least one of (i) an area of 10 to no more than 50square microns, 50 to no more than 100 square microns, 100 to no morethan 500 square microns, or 500 square microns to no more than 1 squaremm and (ii) a thickness of 1 to no more than 5 microns, 5 to no morethan 10 microns, 10 to no more than 20 microns, or 20 to no more than 50microns.
 14. The bezel-free display of claim 1, wherein at least one rowdriver (i) is disposed between two adjacent pixel columns, (ii) isdisposed between two adjacent pixel rows, or (iii) both (i) and (ii).15. The bezel-free display of claim 1, wherein at least one columndriver (i) is disposed between two adjacent pixel columns, (ii) isdisposed between two adjacent pixel rows, or (iii) both (i) and (ii).16. A bezel-free display, comprising: a display substrate comprising aconnection edge and one or more bezel edges; pixels individuallydisposed on the display substrate in rows and columns such that columnsof the pixels are separated by a column distance, rows of the pixels areseparated by a row distance, and each of the pixels comprises one ormore inorganic micro-light-emitting diodes, each of the one or moreinorganic micro-light-emitting diodes comprising a diode substrateindependent, separate, and distinct from the display substrate; columnlines disposed on the display substrate and extending toward theconnection edge, each of the column lines electrically connected to eachof the pixels in one of the columns of the pixels; a column driverelectrically connected to each of the column lines, wherein the columndriver is disposed on the display substrate; row lines disposed on thedisplay substrate, each of the row lines electrically connected to eachof the pixels in one of the rows of the pixels; a row driverelectrically connected to each of the row lines, wherein the row driveris disposed on the display substrate; one or more row-connection linesdisposed on the display substrate, wherein each of the one or morerow-connection lines is electrically connected to one of the row linesor one of the row drivers, and at least one of the one or morerow-connection lines is disposed at least partially between columns ofthe pixels; and a plurality of row drivers, each row driver comprising arow-driver substrate separate, distinct, and independent of the displaysubstrate and the row-driver substrate of any other row driver, and eachrow driver electrically connected to one or more of the row lines,wherein each of two or more of the plurality of row drivers is disposedbetween two or more of the pixels in one or two dimensions, wherein (i)at least one row driver is spatially separated from a corresponding rowby a distance less than at least one of the column distance and the rowdistance, (ii) at least one column driver is spatially separated from acorresponding column by a distance less than at least one of the rowdistance and the column distance, or (iii) both (i) and (ii).
 17. Abezel-free display, comprising: a display substrate comprising aconnection edge and one or more bezel edges; pixels individuallydisposed on the display substrate in rows and columns such that columnsof the pixels are separated by a column distance, rows of the pixels areseparated by a row distance, and each of the pixels comprises one ormore inorganic micro-light-emitting diodes, each of the one or moreinorganic micro-light-emitting diodes comprising a diode substrateindependent, separate, and distinct from the display substrate; columnlines disposed on the display substrate and extending toward theconnection edge, each of the column lines electrically connected to eachof the pixels in one of the columns of the pixels; a column driverelectrically connected to each of the column lines, wherein the columndriver is disposed on the display substrate; row lines disposed on thedisplay substrate, each of the row lines electrically connected to eachof the pixels in one of the rows of the pixels; a row driverelectrically connected to each of the row lines, wherein the row driveris disposed on the display substrate; one or more row-connection linesdisposed on the display substrate, wherein each of the one or morerow-connection lines is electrically connected to one of the row linesor one of the row drivers, and at least one of the one or morerow-connection lines is disposed at least partially between columns ofthe pixels; and a plurality of column drivers, each column drivercomprising a column-driver substrate separate, distinct, and independentof the display substrate and the column-driver substrate of any othercolumn driver, and each column driver electrically connected to one ormore of the column lines, wherein each of two or more of the pluralityof column drivers is disposed between two or more of the pixels in oneor two dimensions, wherein (i) at least one row driver is spatiallyseparated from a corresponding row by a distance less than at least oneof the column distance and the row distance, (ii) at least one columndriver is spatially separated from a corresponding column by a distanceless than at least one of the row distance and the column distance, or(iii) both (i) and (ii).